![]() The threshold for reporting IFs, which are the potential medical beneficence of the findings versus the need for respect for persons, should be determined. In line with NTU's policy on IFs, PIs are to determine from the outset on the potential for IFs occurring, and if these will be released to the subjects. In general, a research subject should be allowed to consent if he/she wishes to be re-identified in the case of an IF, if the proposed biomedical research expressly provides for such re-identification, especially if the IFs are both clinically significant and actionable. Ethical management of IFs is thus necessary and researchers have and obligation to anticipate these findings and make a plan in advance of starting the research, that addresses what, when and how findings will be communicated to the research subjects. ![]() These findings are termed "Incidental Findings" (IFs), which may be of clinical significance that could have potential serious implications for the subject's well-being.
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